Thursday 22 December 2011

Glass Ball

During the course of this Photoshop tutorial we're going through 9 major steps to create a glass ball. The main goal of this tutorial is that you get an idea how to approach this. It's not that important to remember all settings, but it's more important that you understand what's exactly happening.
The tutorial is divided into 5 main areas:
  • Preparing the background and drawing the basic shape (step 1 and 2)
  • Filling the shape with gradients and layer styles (step 3 to 6)
  • Adding a highlight (step 7)
  • Adding a shadow (step 8)
  • Adding distortions (step 9)
Some important things you need to know about this tutorial:
  • The tutorial is only recommended for people with intermediate and advanced Photoshop experience
  • The tutorial was tested many times by us and many other people and we're pretty sure that it doesn't contain any bugs
  • It's important that you read very carefully and copy everything what is shown in the screenshots
  • Doing this tutorial too fast will most likely result in failure
  • This is a hollow glass ball, reason why the background inside the ball is not upside down as with a solid glass ball

1. Prepare the document

Save the following file called Newspaper on your computer (right click on the link and select in Windows Save Target As...). For this tutorial I've chosen to go for a rather small file (640x480 pixels), just to make it easier for you to see what you're doing.
Open the file in Photoshop. Add a new layer by clicking on the Create a new layer icon New layer.
Grab the Elliptical Marquee tool Ellipitical Marquee Tool from your toolbar and make a selection (hold down the shift key before you make the selection to make the selection a perfect circle) somewhere in the area and with the size that I'm showing here:

Circular selection

2. Fill the selection with the base color of the glass ball

Click on the foreground color in the tool bar marked with red in this screenshot: Foreground Color
In the Color Picker window that opens you enter the value D6D3C0 in the area marked with A:
Color picker - selecting foreground color
Grab the Paint Bucket Tool Paint Bucket Tooland fill the selection with this color.
Press Ctrl +D (Command + D on the Mac) to get rid of the selection. You can also use the menu to do this: Select/Deselect.

3. Add a layer style

Go to the layers palette and click on the Add a Layer Style icon Add Layer Styleand select Inner Shadow and use the settings shown here (watch out: the color white is selected):
Inner Shadow layer style

The result should look like this:
Inner Shadow added

4. Add a gradient

Add a new layer by clicking on the Create a new layer icon Add Layer. Clip this layer with the layer underneath by pressing Ctrl + G (Command + G on the Mac) or Ctrl + Alt + G (Command + Option + G on the Mac) if you use Photoshop CS2.
A clipping layer only affects the layer underneath. You'll see soon what I mean.
Change the background color in the tool bar and use the following color: 65645F. We're now going to draw a gradient using the current fore- and background colors. Select the Gradient Tool in the toolbar Gradient Tool (if it's not visible, then look under the Paint Bucket tool Paint Bucket Tool).
Take a short look at the next screenshot. Make sure that a linear gradient Linear Gradient (B) is selected in the options bar at the top and that the option Reverse (C) is selected. (mode should be normal, opacity 100%, dither and transparency should be both selected, but in most cases they're probably already having the right values)
 Option bar for linear gradient  
If you don't see a gradient that uses your colors at A which should look like this Gradient Colors , then double click on the gradient in the options bar (A) and select the gradient from the list (most likely the first one) and click OK.
Start in the middle where you see the red dot and end where you see the blue dot (Just before the area where the main color is getting lighter).
Filling the shape

The result should look like this:
Linear Gradient
Press the letter D on your keyboard, which makes the foreground color black, the background color white:Black & White by pressing D
Add a Layer Mask to this layer by clicking on the Add Layer Mask icon Add Mask. Don't you worry if it switches the fore- and background color when you do this, this is normal behavior. Note: If the fore- and background colors look like this Foreground Color White, Background Color Black after you added the mask, then everything is ok. If they are switched, then just click on the double arrow points icon Color Swapper to correct this. The Gradient Tool is still active, but this time we need a Radial Gradient. Select the Radial Gradient Radial Gradient in the options bar (the one beside the linear gradient (marked B in our previous screenshot of the options bar))
With the layer mask still active (It will have a double border), create a radial gradient by starting in the middle and stopping at the outher edge of our circular shape.
By this time we should you have something like this:
Shape after applying gradients

5. Add more layer styles

Duplicating shape layerWe're now going to duplicate our Layer 1.
Click on its icon in the layers palette, hold down the mouse button and drag (A) the layer to the Create a new layer icon New Layer and release the mouse button.
The next step is to move this duplicate (that has now become the layer with name Layer 1) to the top of our layers palette; click on Layer 1 and drag (B) it all the way up until you notice a dark black line appearing above the top layer. At that moment release the mouse button.




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Warning for users of Photoshop CS2 or later : it turns out that Photoshop CS2 changes Layer 2 back to a normal layer, one that is not clipped, when we duplicate Layer 1. To correct that make sure Layer 2 is active and press Ctrl + Alt + G (Command + Option + G on the Mac). Again, this should only be done in Photoshop CS2.
Moving shape layer
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Make sure that Layer on (our new top layer) is active (you will notice the Brushin front of it).
Set the Fill of this layer to 0% (A) and then double click on the Layer Style icon Add Layer Style(B) to modify the Layer Style of this layer:
Layers palette
Use the following effects settings for the layer style. Make sure that all settings are exactly the same, including color or blending mode settings.
Inner Shadow
(pay special attention to the option Use Global Light, because it's not selected! Also notice that we have a black rectangle beside the Blend Mode; double click it if yours is not black, to change its color!)

Inner Shadow layer style
Inner Glow
Inner Glow layer style
After this our image should look something like this:
Result after adding 2 layer styles

6. Add more volume

Add a new layer by clicking on the Create a new layer icon New Layer. Select the Brush Tool Brush Tool in the tool bar.
Click on the area of the options bar that I've marked in red and select a
150px brush, with a hardness of 0%, which is the softest brush you can use.
Brush size 150

Set the foreground color to white.
Click once with this brush exactly in the middle of this new layer (Layer 3). Now go to the menu and select Filter/Effects/Gaussian Blur... and select a radius of 25 and click OK.

Note: because we've blurred the white dot, white pixels might appear outside the area that we have defined as our glass ball, so we have to get rid of it. It's quite simple and we're going to use a little 'trick' for that.
With the top layer (Layer 3) still active we Ctrl + click (Command + click on the Mac) on the thumbnail of the layer underneath this layer (Layer 1) which will load it's shape (the ball) as a selection and all we have to do now is to click on the Add Layer Mask icon Add Maskand we've got rid of all white pixels outside our glass ball.
Now change the opacity of this layer to 30%. This screenshot also shows how your layer palette should look like at this moment:
Layers palette before adding a highlight


7. Create a highlight

Add a new layer in Photoshop by clicking on the Create a new layer icon New Layer and that's going to be Layer 4. Select the Brush Tool Brush Tool and use a hard brush (hardness is 100%) with a size of 20. Change the foreground color to white (or a very slight yellow (close to indoor light) using a value of FFFFE8).
Place the highlight in the location shown here:
Location of highlight

Go to the menu and select Effects/Blur/Gaussian Blur... and select a small radius of .5 and click OK.
Go to the layers palette and click on the Add a Layer Style icon Add Layer Styleto add a layer style and select the Outer Glow effect and use the settings shown here:

Outer Glow layer style

8. Add a shadow

First make the Layer 1 copy (the one above the background layer) the active layer by clicking on it; a Brush will appear in front of it. Now set the Fill of this layer to 25% Setting opacity of glass ball to 25%
You'll notice that by doing that, that we're are getting closer to the final result:
Adjusting bright area of glass ball
If the bottom is too bright (marked with the arrow), then just select the Layer Style of Layer 1 copy and lower the opacity of the Inner Shadow effect (or increase it if that's what you prefer).
We now click on the background layer with the newspaper image on it, to make it active.
Add a new layer by clicking on the Create a new layer icon New Layer.

With this layer (Layer 5) active we click on Ctrl + click (Command + click) on the thumbnail of the layer above (the one with glass ball, Layer 1 copy). The result is a selection in layer 5 that is based on this glass ball.
Press the letter D on your keyboard, which makes the foreground color black, the background color white Fore- and background
We're now going to draw a gradient using the current foreground color (black) in combination with transparency. Select the Gradient Tool in the toolbar Gradient Tool (if in it's not visible, then look under the Paint Bucket tool Paint Bucket Tool). Make sure that a Radial Gradient Radial Gradient (B) is selected in the options bar at the top and that the option Reverse (C) is selected.
Gradient Options
If you don't see a gradient in your options bar ( A), that looks like one going from transparency to black, then double click on the gradient in the options bar (A) and select the gradient from the list (the one right beside D) and click OK. Draw the gradient by starting in the middle of your selection and end at the edge of this same selection.
We're now going to transform this selection in an elliptical shape by using the transform tool. Go in the menu to Edit/Free transform or press Ctrl + T (Command + T on the Mac). A rectangular box with 8 handles will appear.
Now pull the upper center handle downward (see A) until you have a shape that looks like the one in B.
Now press enter on your keyboard to complete the transformation and press Ctrl +D (Command + D on the Mac) to get rid of the selection. You can also use the menu to remove the selection: Select/Deselect.

Transforming shadow Moving shadow
Layers palette just before adding deformations
We now have to move this shadow to the right (B). Be aware that the arrow only marks the direction, not the distance.
Select the Move Tool Move Tool in your tool bar.
To move the selection, click on the shape and while holding the mouse button move the shape in place. Have a look at screenshot C to see where you should place this shadow. If your shadow seems to jump while you try to move it, then go to the menu and select view and make sure that Snap is turned off:

Snap
Now change the opacity of this layer to 50%. In the menu we select Filter/Blur/Gaussian Blur... and select a radius of 2 and click OK. On the right you can see how the layers palette should look like after you've done all steps (in this screenshot I marked the color of the shadow layer with yellow).
Final glass ball with shadow but without deformations

9. Deform inside of glass ball and shadow

In this last step we're going to deform the image inside the glass ball. Make sure that our shadow layer (Layer 5) is still active and Ctrl + click (Command + click) on the thumbnail of the layer above (the one with glass ball, Layer 1 copy). The result is a selection in layer 5 that is based on this glass ball (like we did in step 8). Now got to the menu and select Filter/Distort/Spherize...
Select for Amount the value 100% and make sure that Normal is selected for Mode. Click OK.
The shadow is now deformed.
Circular selection based on glass ball
 Deformed shadow
Make the background layer active and press Ctrl + F (Command + F on the Mac).
Note: Ctrl + F will always apply the filter that was used previously, in our case Spherize.
That was our final step and this is the result:
Final result

Tutorial Update - Improving the highlight

In this update we're going to improve the highlight. Click on Layer 4 that contains our highlight to make it active.
We are now going to transform the highlight by pressing Ctrl + T (command + T on the Mac) and entering a value of 65% for Horizontal Scale (A) and a value of 45 for Rotation (B) and press enter twice:
Transform Options
 
This makes the highlight look more like an actual part of the ball:
Corrected Highlight

Final words

It's important to know that you have to select a background with colors that are not the total opposite of the colors we selected in the beginning of our tutorial when you want to use this technique. You can make the ball even more realistic by adding more highlights or reflections. For the purpose of this tutorial I've kept it simple by adding just one single highlight.
Also be aware that once you deform the shadow or inside of the ball that you're not able to move the ball, since both deformations are of course in a way "connected" to the background. So make sure that the glass ball is in the right place, before you start with the deformations. Make sure that your background is not to plain. A real glass ball doesn't look cool either on white piece of paper in front of a white wall. Always try to use the environment to strengthen the effects you're using to make the result look more realistic.
Note: Several people have commented saying that the background inside the ball should be upside down. These people are wrong, because that's only the case with solid glass balls, this tutorial however is about a hollow glass ball and inside a hollow glass ball the background is not upside down. You can double check that by looked at a glass christmas ball.
This whole tutorial should be seen as a step in the right direction.

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